Embedded Documents

Embedded documents concept is a core feature of MongoDB, and it is very useful when you want to store related data in the same document. This is a very common practice in MongoDB, and it is called Embedded Relationships.

It makes the query faster because when we fetch the post we don't have to lookup the users collection to get the author's data, it is already there.

Before we continue, Let's create three models that we'll use in all of our examples

User Model
Comment Model
Post Model

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class User extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "users";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    name: "string",
    image: "string",
    email: "string",
    password: "string",
  };
}

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class Comment extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "comments";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    comment: "string",
    createdBy: "object",
  };
}

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class Post extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "posts";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    title: "string",
    content: "string",
    author: "object", // user object
    comments: "array", // array of comments
  };
}

Embedding Documents

There are two types of embedded documents:

Embedding Single document
Embedding Multiple documents

Embedding Single Document

Consider embedding single document as a hasOne relationship in SQL databases, where the document contains only one embedded document.

For example, the post has an author so the author will be embedded inside the post document as a single document, for example:

{
  "id": 1,
  "title": "Hello World",
  "content": "This is the post body",
  "author": {
    "id": 5122,
    "name": "John Doe",
    "image": "https://example.com/image.jpg"
  }
}

Let's see how we can achieve this using models

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";

async function main() {
  const author = await User.create({
    name: "John Doe",
    image: "https://example.com/image.jpg",
  });

  const post = await Post.create({
    title: "Hello World",
    content: "This is the post body",
    author: author.embeddedData, // embed the author data
  });
}

main();

What we've done here is we created a new user, which is basically a very simple operation, then we created a new post and we embedded the author's data inside the post document using the embeddedData property.

The data of the author that will be stored will be the following:

{
  "id": 5122,
  "name": "John Doe",
  "image": "https://example.com/image.jpg",
  "createdAt": "2023-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
  "updatedAt": "2023-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
}

Did you know?

The embeddedData property is a getter that returns the embedded data of the model, it is used internally by the model to embed the data, if you do not override it, it will return the whole model data. Thus, you should override it to return only the data you want to embed.

Specifying the Embedded Data

As mentioned earlier, using embeddedData property will embed the whole model data, but what if you want to embed only the id, name and image of the author?

Well, let's then update our User model to return only the data we want to embed

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class User extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "users";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    name: "string",
    image: "string",
    email: "string",
    password: "string",
  };

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  public get embeddedData() {
    return this.only(["id", "name", "image"]);
  }
}

This will reduce the embedded documents when we embed the user data inside the post document to the following:

{
  "id": 5122,
  "name": "John Doe",
  "image": "https://example.com/image.jpg"
}

Another way to define the embedded columns is by defining the embedded property, it is an array of columns that will be embedded, for example:

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class User extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "users";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    name: "string",
    image: "string",
    email: "string",
    password: "string",
  };

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  public embedded = ["id", "name", "image"];
}

That's how we can embed single documents, let's now see how we can embed multiple documents.

tip

When using castModel, the embeddedData property will be used to embed the data, so you don't have to worry about it.

Embedding Multiple Documents

Embedding multiple documents is basically adding list of documents inside one column of a parent document, for example we can insert list of comments inside a single post

danger

It's not recommended to store large documents like comments inside a single post, if the post has a lot of comments, it will be very slow to retrieve the post data, instead you should use referencing documents to store the comments in a separate collection.

Associating Documents

To associate documents, we use the associate method, it takes three arguments:

The column name
The model class
the embedded property name, default to embeddedData

Let's see an example

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import { Comment } from "./models/comment";

async function main() {
  const author = await User.create({
    name: "John Doe",
    image: "https://example.com/image.jpg",
  });

  // now let's create a new post model
  const post = new Post({
    title: "Hello World",
    content: "This is the post body",
    author: author.embeddedData,
  });

  // create new comment
  const comment = await Comment.create({
    content: "This is a comment",
    createdBy: author.embeddedData,
  });

  // let's add that comment to the post
  post.associate("comments", comment);

  post.save();
}

main();

This will inject the comment into our post in comments column, we can specify the embedded property name by passing the third argument to the associate method

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import { Comment } from "./models/comment";

async function main() {
  const author = await User.create({
    name: "John Doe",
    image: "https://example.com/image.jpg",
  });

  // now let's create a new post model
  const post = new Post({
    title: "Hello World",
    content: "This is the post body",
    author: author.embeddedData,
  });

  // create new comment
  const comment = await Comment.create({
    content: "This is a comment",
    createdBy: author.embeddedData,
  });

  // let's add that comment to the post
  post.associate("comments", comment, "embedToPost");

  post.save();
}

main();

Let's define that embedToPost property in our Comment model

import { Model, Casts } from "@mongez/monpulse";

export class Comment extends Model {
  /**
   * Collection name
   */
  public static collection = "comments";

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  protected casts: Casts = {
    content: "string",
    createdBy: "object",
  };

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  public get embeddedData() {
    return this.only(["id", "content", "createdBy"]);
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  public get embedToPost() {
    return this.only(["id", "content", "createdBy", "createdAt"]);
  }
}

If the comments field does not exist, it will be created automatically

Re-Associating Documents

Consider the reassociate method as an update for the document inside the parent document, for example, if the comment's data is updated, we can re-associate it to the post to update the comment data inside the post

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import { Comment } from "./models/comment";

async function main() {
  const comment = await Comment.find(1);

  comment.set("comment", "a new comment");

  comment.save();

  const post = await Post.find(1);

  post.reassociate("comments", comment);

  post.save();
}

main();

The reassociate method does multiple things, first off, it checks is the comments field exists, if not then it creates a new one, then it checks if the comment exists inside the comments field, if not then it pushes it to the comments field, if it exists then it updates the comment data inside the comments field in the same index.

You may also pass the third argument to the reassociate method to specify the embedded property name

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import { Comment } from "./models/comment";

async function main() {
  const comment = await Comment.find(1);

  comment.set("comment", "a new comment");

  comment.save();

  const post = await Post.find(1);

  post.reassociate("comments", comment, "embedToPost");

  post.save();
}

main();

Did you know?

The reassociate method can work exactly like the associate method, so you can use it to associate new documents to the parent document, but its always recommended to use the associate method to associate new documents.

Disassociating Documents

I guess you already know what the disassociate method does, it removes the document from the parent document, let's see an example

import { Post } from "./models/post";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import { Comment } from "./models/comment";

async function main() {
  const comment = await Comment.find(1);

  const post = await Post.find(1);

  post.reassociate("comments", comment);

  // now let's disassociate (remove) the comment from the post
  post.disassociate("comments", comment);

  post.save();
}

main();

Embedded Objects

Any one of the three methods, should receive the embedded model as second argument, but you may also pass any type of data, for example the field could be an array of strings, or an array of numbers, if the second argument is an object, the methods will look for id inside it as a unique identifier, if it's not found, then it will search by the entire value regardless of the type, if not found in reassociate method, then it will push it to the array, if not found in disassociate method, then it will do nothing.

Embedded Documents

Embedding Documents​

Embedding Single Document​

Specifying the Embedded Data​

Embedding Multiple Documents​

Associating Documents​

Re-Associating Documents​

Disassociating Documents​